UGC norms for research

 1. What Is Not Plagiarism?

• All quoted work reproduced with all necessary permission and/or attribution.
• All references, bibliography, table of content, preface and acknowledgements.
• All generic terms, laws, standard symbols and standards equations.
• Exclude common knowledge or coincidental terms, up to fourteen (14) consecutive words.

2. Levels of Plagiarism and Its Penalty

As per the regulations, plagiarism is divided into the following four levels based on the percentage of the plagiarized content, and the penalty for each level is also clearly mentioned:

• Plagiarism up to 10%: No Penalty

• Plagiarism up to 10%- 40%: For thesis and dissertations: Resubmission of a revised script by the student within a time period not exceeding 6 months.
For academic and research publications: Withdrawal of the manuscript by the candidate.

• Plagiarism up to 40%- 60%: For thesis and dissertations: Student will be debarred from submitting the revised script for a year. For academic and research publications: The candidate will be asked to withdraw the manuscript and be denied a right to one annual increment. Along with not being allowed to be a supervisor to any new Master's, M.Phil., Ph.D. Student/scholar for a period of two years.

• Plagiarism up to 60% or more: For thesis and dissertations: The registration for the program for the student shall be cancelled. For academic and research publications: The candidate will be asked to withdraw the manuscript and be denied a right to two annual increments in succession. Along with not being allowed to be a supervisor to any new Master's, M.Phil., Ph.D. Student/scholar for a period of three years

Webometrics

 WEBOMETRICS:

Studies in Library and Information Science (LIS) used to focus on static-tangible information resources for a long time since the invention of writing in the third millennium BC or possibly earlier by the Sumerians. However, the situation has changed dramatically into the study of dynamic intangible resources by the mid-1990s when efforts have been made to investigate the nature and metrics of the web through applying techniques and methodologies of bibliometrics and informetrics in order to deal with the continuous flow of web-based information resources. In the rest of this article, we are going to know about the objectives, importance, Scope, and areas of webometrics

Definition of Webometrics: In order to understand the nature of the term “Webometrics‟, it is better to shed light on its definitions and associated terms as follows:

“Webometrics is the study of the quantitative aspects of the construction and use of information resources, structures and technologies on the web, drawing on bibliometric and informetric approaches” (Bjorneborn & Ingwersen 2004, op. cit.)

Thelwall added another definition based on content as follows: “the study of web-based content with primarily quantitative methods for social science research goals using techniques that are not specific to one field of study” (Thelwall 2009)

So, it can be said that webometrics is the application of informetric methods to the web. This new emerging idea of carrying out the same types of informetric analyses on the 11 web is possible via a citation database. It is obvious that informetric methods using word counts can be applied on the web. But what is new is to regard the web as a dynamic citation network where the traditional information entities and citations are replaced by web pages with hyperlinks acting rather like citations

The objectives: Webometrics, the quantitative study of web-related phenomena, emerged from the realization that methods originally designed for bibliometric analysis of scientific journal article citation patterns could be applied to the web, with commercial search engines providing the raw data. The philosophy of webometrics aims to quantify the information-seeking (web search) behavior on the web. The clearest need for webometrics is to support research into web phenomena

The importance: Its applications in measuring online intellectual production in science, research, and development, and patents for industrial assessment, among others, is crucial in reinforcing policies and strategies of industry and higher education institutions

SCOPE OF WEBOMETRICS:

The webometrics discipline is concerned with measuring web-based phenomena such as websites, web pages, parts of web pages, election websites, academic websites, blogs, social networking, words in web pages, hyperlinks, web search engine results, and national web domains. Webometrics include a range of recent developments, such as patent analysis, national research evaluation exercises visualization techniques, new applications, online citation indexes, and the creation of digital libraries (Thelwall 2008, op. cit.). Nowadays, webometrics research has expanded from general or academic web analyses to investigations of social websites of blogs, RSS feeds, and study aspects of social networks such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter.

The most powerful webometric method is the web impact factor (WIF) which is proposed in 1998 by Peter Ingwersen. He proposed that a calculation of WIF as a quantitative measure can give an indication of the relative attractiveness of countries or research sites on the web at a given point in time. The WIF’S calculation is based on the same concepts as already employed for journal impact factor (JIF) calculation

AREAS OF WEBOMETRICS:

The webometrics definition stated earlier implies quantitative aspects of both the construction and usage aspects of the web providing five main areas of current webometric research which are described as follows:

1) Web page content analysis: OCLC provides two different definitions for the term “website‟. One of these definitions rely strictly on physical (network infrastructure) criteria, and the other on information (content-oriented) criteria:

“Web site (Physical Definition): the set of web pages located at one Internet Provider address.” “Web site (Information Definition): a set of related web pages that, in the aggregate, form a composite object of international relevance” (OCLC 1999).

Quality of content published on the web is often criticized for being unreliable and lack credibility to be utilized for decision-making, education, and research and development. This is because there are no quality assurance or governance policies in web publishing.

The website may contain surface content or deep web content such as databases of open or restricted content. In the extreme, the “linked” nature of the web opens the door for an argument that the web itself is one grand website. There are two kinds of the web:

Surface web: It is mostly inappropriate for educational or academic purposes and some of it may even be incorrect or biased. Consequently, excessive reliance on the “surface web‟ may generate superficial research habits, endanger the value of academic information, and adversely affect the quality of research and academic publications

Invisible web: The information available on the web is still only partial and incredible. Search engines index only a small amount of the information available on the web and most users do not access the information existing on the “invisible web‟ This web contains high-quality information.

2) Web link structure analysis: Henceforth web documents are known as hypertext with links to further associated documents, on the model of references in a scientific paper or cross-references in indexing. With digital documents, these cross-references or nodes can be followed by a mouse-click. Entry of the website usually starts at the homepage, which is roughly equivalent to the title page in the print environment. The homepage often provides information about the site, and may also function as a table of contents. Following the homepage, the most essential bibliographic unit on the web is the web page (static or interactive HTML file).

3) Web usage analysis: The broadest interpretation of the web is a collection of HTTP servers operating on TCP/IP interconnected networks. Its narrower interpretation, however, consists of all active HTTP servers that receive, understand, and process client requests. Its accessibility can be determined from the response code returned to the client who attempts to get connected.

4) Web technology analysis: Finding information on the Internet seemed somewhat like trying to find a needle in a „haystack‟. An added dimension to the „haystack‟ metaphor is that the Internet environment is a dynamic collection of networks. Archie, Veronica, Gopher, Wide Area Information System (WAIS), Mosaic, AltaVista, HotBot, NorthernLight, Excite, Lycosse, Inforseek, and others were the early search tools of the Internet- the first attempts to provide more order and searchability. Although these early tools are still accessible today, they were developed prior to web browsers and have generally been replaced by more popular web search tools such as Yahoo and Google (Valauskas, 1994; Bjorneborn & Ingwersen, 2001).

5) Web Ranking: A webometrics indicator has been launched in Spain for the purposes of ranking scientific repositories and worldwide universities. Repository ranking indicator provides a list of major research-oriented repositories arranged according to composite index derived from their web presence and the web impact (link visibility) of their contents, data obtained from the major commercial search engines

Library mate

http://csmalavd.blogspot.com/2015/01/library-and-information-science-mcq-500.html

https://librarysciencemadeeasy.blogspot.com/2022/06/library-and-information-science-lisblismlisnetjrf-mcqs-in-%20english.html

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Research writing,steps and layout

 

DIFFERENT STEPS IN WRITING REPORT | TYPES OF REPORT WRITING | LAYOUT OF THE RESEARCH REPORT

Report writing is a structured method of documenting and presenting information in a clear and concise manner. Reports are used for various purposes, including presenting research findings, providing information about a particular topic, or summarizing data and statistics. In this article, we are going to know about the different steps in writing a report, the types of report writing, and the layout of the research report.

DIFFERENT STEPS IN WRITING REPORT:

Writing a report can be a complex and time-consuming process, but by following a structured approach, you can ensure that your report is clear, concise, and effective. Here are the steps involved in writing a report:

Define the Purpose and Scope of the Report: Determine the reason for writing the report and what you want to achieve with it. This will help you to focus your research and determine what information to include in the report.

Gather Data and Information: Collect relevant data and information from various sources, such as books, articles, interviews, and surveys. Ensure that the information you gather is accurate and relevant to the purpose of the report.

Analyze the Data: Organize and analyze the data to identify trends, patterns, and relationships. This will help you to draw meaningful conclusions and make recommendations.

Outline the Report Structure: Create an outline of the report’s structure, including the main sections, sub-sections, and headings. This will help you to organize the information and ensure that the report is easy to read and understand.

Write the Report: Start by writing the introduction, which should provide background information and explain the purpose of the report. Then, write the main body of the report, including the results, discussion, and conclusion. Finally, write the executive summary and conclusion, which should summarize the main findings and recommendations of the report.

Format and Present the Report: Format the report to ensure that it is visually appealing and easy to read. Choose appropriate charts, tables, and graphs to present the data and make sure they are easy to understand.

Review and Edit the Report: Review the report for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Ensure that the report is well-structured and that the information is presented in a clear and concise manner. Make revisions as needed to improve the overall quality of the report.

Finalize the Report: After you have reviewed and edited the report, it’s time to finalize it. This can include adding a title page, table of contents, references, and appendices, if necessary.

TYPES OF REPORT WRITING:

There are various types of report writing, each with its own unique purpose and format. Some of the most common types of reports include:

i. Business Reports: These reports provide information and analysis to support decision-making in a business setting. They may include financial reports, marketing reports, operational reports, and strategic reports.

ii. Academic Reports: Academic reports are written for educational purposes and often take the form of research reports, lab reports, or case studies. They are used to present the results of academic research and provide a detailed analysis of the findings.

iii. Technical Reports: Technical reports are written to document the results of scientific or engineering research. They often include detailed descriptions of methods, procedures, and results, as well as graphs, diagrams, and other visual aids.

iv. Feasibility Reports: Feasibility reports are written to assess the viability of a proposed project or initiative. They include an analysis of the costs, benefits, and risks associated with the project, as well as a recommendation as to whether or not it should be pursued

v. Progress Reports: Progress reports are written to provide updates on the progress of a project or initiative. They are often used to communicate the status of the project to stakeholders and provide information on any challenges or obstacles that have been encountered.

vi. Incident Reports: Incident reports are written to document events or incidents that have taken place, such as accidents, security breaches, or equipment failures. They are used to record what happened, why it happened, and what steps were taken to address the issue.

vii. Analytical Reports: Analytical reports are written to provide a comprehensive analysis of a particular issue or topic. They may include an analysis of data, trends, and patterns, as well as recommendations for future action.

The type of report you write will depend on the purpose of the report. It’s important to choose the right format and style to ensure that the report is effective in communicating its message.

THE LAYOUT OF THE RESEARCH REPORT:

The layout of a research report is an important aspect of the overall report as it affects readability, clarity, and the impact of the report on its intended audience. Here is a typical layout of a research report:

Title page: The title page should include the title of the report, the author’s name, the date of submission, and the name of the organization or institution.

Abstract: The abstract is a brief summary of the report, including its purpose, methodology, results, and conclusions. It should be concise and not exceed 200-300 words.

Table of Contents: This section lists the major sections of the report and their corresponding page numbers.

Introduction: The introduction should provide background information on the topic of the research, explain the purpose of the study, and describe the research questions or hypotheses being investigated.

Literature Review: This section reviews previous studies and research on the topic and provides a context for the current research.

Methodology: The methodology section should describe the research design, sampling method, data collection techniques, and data analysis methods used in the study.

Results: The results section presents the findings of the study, including any data collected, tables, graphs, or charts.

Discussion: The discussion section provides an interpretation of the results, draws conclusions, and discusses the implications of the findings.

Conclusion: The conclusion should summarize the main findings of the study and their implications, and provide recommendations for future research.

References: The references section lists all the sources cited in the report, including books, articles, and other sources of information. The references should be formatted according to the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, or Chicago).